Time table of  IJFPS  Publication (Quarter)  4 Issue per year

Determination of Escape Speed from de Broglie-Bohm Interpretation
Ch’ng Han Siong , Shahidan Radiman
ABSTRACT
In this study, we apply the standard quantization procedure to the Newtonian equation to obtain the Schrödinger equation. The wave function is obtained and subsequently the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation is applied to the wave function to yield the formulas for escape speed. It is shown that the usual Newtonian formula for escape speed is purely resulted from taking the asymptotic form of Bessel functions. We then extend our work to hydrogen atom and show that the work done to eject the electron away from proton is in discrete form. The ionization energy for ground state of hydrogen atom from escape kinetic energy method is obtained.View Article

A Comparison of the Influential Factors Creating Conflicts between Cities and Its Annexed Village (Case study: Islamshahr and Shatereh)
Naghmeh MohammadPourlima, Ali NooriKermani, Ali Akbar Rezaei
ABSTRACT
Considering the lack of consistency in these urban and rural areas in relation to several factors such as social, economic, cultural, physical and administrative, the amalgamation of the rural areas into urban areas leads to numerous problems. Therefore this paper tries to individually examine the role of each of the abovementioned factors in amalgamation of village areas into city districts. This research uses analytic method and documentary research including extensive field observation, and questionnaires which were completed by 220 households and it highlights that even though there are not significant social and managerial differences between Islamshahr city and Shatereh village, when considering cultural, economic and physical factors in these areas the difference is substantial thus, the results indicates that these differences are the consequence of the amalgamation of the villages into the cities.View Article

Identification of Night-Time F- Region Currents from CHAMP Satellite Observations over Equatorial Africa
Adero Awuor Ochieng, Paul Baki, Peter Kotze, Collins Mito
ABSTRACT
The F-region currents are generally weak and difficult to detect. However, their contributions to the earth’s magnetic field variations are significant and cannot be ignored by the field modelers. CHAMP satellite has therefore provided a perfect opportunity to investigate the in-situ F-region currents on the night side of the equatorial region. The magnitudes of the current along all the three components of the earth’s magnetic field (X, Y, Z) are investigated. However in this paper, we present only the results on the Y-component where interesting magnetic residuals were observed. The X and Z-components were rather masked in much noise and would require further filtering. The currents appear in both the pre-midnight and post-midnight sectors and are spatially confined to the equatorial region bounded by the Appleton anomaly. The magnetic residuals are generally observed in the northern hemisphere of an order of 0.8nT, which gives a height-integrated current density of about 1.3mA/m.View Article

A Survey on the Effects of Rural Guide-Plan of Lajim Village on Its Development
Alireza Gharakhani, Saed Farajnejad ghadi, Hoseinali Jamshidi
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to consider, how Lajim Rural guide-plan has affected its textural, economic, social and cultural development. The theoretical modelling of the study is in accordance with the present guide plans of the country and the previous studies done. In this study which is based on visiting and observing, the research has used questionnaire to gather data. Sample of the study is households of Lajim village in Mazandaran province; from which 40 people were randomly selected. In this study, four hypotheses considered and data analysis has been presented descriptively and inductively. Statistical methods and independence model with use of SPSS, applied for more analyzing. The results show that the guide-plan of Lajim, positively affected Lajim's development economically, culturally and also socially. The authors provide some suggestions to improve rural guide-plans.View Article

The Earth and Cosmic Harmonic Factor
Elsiddieg Mohamed Ali Elamin
ABSTRACT
We study the relation between Earth’s distances and other components of the universe. To obtain this relationship we supposed the distance between earth and other celestial objects are follow a constant value of 1.466 with a simple equation which is called, Harmonic Factor. To prove this idea, we find out the distance of celestial objects such as moon, sun, galaxies, Local cluster, Super cluster and Group of super clusters in terms of Earth radius with a good accuracy. Moreover, we predict a new position for an unknown object or a group of objects, which have not found yet. The results for nearest distance values are very close with real and known values and for farthest objects, need more information in future.View Article

Assumed Higgs Boson Discovery Proved Einstein Right
Manuel S. Morales

ABSTRACT
The selection-based Tempt Destiny experiment has provided evidence that the fundamental acts of selection are a dichotomy as are their effects. By applying this knowledge to evaluate the preliminary findings of the Higgs boson discovery, we find an omission error has taken place. View Article

Multielemental Analysis of Limestone and Soil Samples of Kitui South (Kenya) Limestone Deposits
Bendibbie Munyao Mulwa*, David Muchori Maina, Jayanti Pushotami Patel

ABSTRACT
The results of analysis of heavy metal in limestone and soil samples from the limestone deposit areas of Kitui South, Kenya were reported in this paper. The analysis was carried out to assess the environmental impact of heavy metals in the region and provide necessary data on the extent of their spread that could be used as a basis for monitoring occupational exposure and the and subsequent environmental impact once mining and processing of limestone in the region starts. Limestone and soils were sampled from three major limestone deposit areas in the region of Kituvwi, Mwanyani and Ndulukuni and analyzed for heavy elemental content using 109Cd radioisotope excited EDXRF spectrometry technique in which sample pellets were directly irradiated. The major elements detected in soils were Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb, while in limestone they were; Ti Mn and Zn. View Article

On The Effect of Electron-Hole Recombination in Disordered GaAs-Aa1-xALAs Multi-quantum Well Structure
Uno E. Uno, Moses E. Emetere*, Isah K.U and Umaru Ahmadu

ABSTRACT
The disordered electron-hole recombination in multi-quantum well was investigated using analytical method based on the rate equations. The results show extreme broad distribution of the recombination time which depends exponentially on the distances between the recombining excitons. The energies at each localised state shows an energy splitting between the electronic ground state and the first excited state of 0.0038eV. View Article

Intra-Cavity Loss Element Method for Measurement of the Small Signal Gain of a TEA CO2 Laser
M.Aram, Z.Porhasannejad, E.Aghayare, S.Behrouzinia*

ABSTRACT
The small-signal gain coefficient of a TEA CO2 laser has been measured through the implementation of a variable polarization intra-cavity loss element. Charging voltage dependence of the gain property of the laser has been investigated. The advantage of this method is that no probe laser system is required. The results have been agreed with experimental data obtained by conventional oscillator-amplifier method. View Article

General Solution of Static Sphere of Perfect Fluid and Dust of Uniform Density Using Isotropic Line Element
C.D. Marathe, J.J. Rawal , Bijan Nikouravan*

ABSTRACT
The general solution of a static sphere of perfect fluid of uniform density using isotropic line element has been obtained by using the additional condition of continuity at the boundary r=a. Here it is shown that, this solution is a solution of equation of Wyman with an additional integrating constant. If we do not put the condition of continuity at the boundary r=a, then it can be shown that p→0 as k^2→∞ using equation of Wyman so the solution of static sphere of dust can be obtained using Wyman’s solution by putting p=0 in the solution, so that R^2 in terms ρ_0 is for dust instead of R^2 in terms of ρ, of fluid obtained by Wyman. The anomalies discussed in the present paper can be removed by new field equation. The new proposed field equation is given and it is shown that the new proposed equation can bring Newtonian approximation. View Article

The Best Strategy in Rain
Seongtaek Seo

ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to consider the best strategy of motion, in the rain. In this paper, not only we considered the motion of object with standing vertically on the ground, but also we measured the motion of object, with angle too. Here we will show, whether the optimal speed-angle exists in any angle or in any speed, or not. If it is exists, then we can find the optimal speed or the optimal angle. We also find out the crucial factor for the optimal speed. A very clear solution of this problem is the result of using six variables in rectangle and ellipsoidal model. Moreover, here an interesting result, in comparison between motion of object in the same time and same distance, will appear. The motion of object considered in two and three dimensional coordinate system for rectangle and ellipsoid models. The discussed model also is applicable for other fields. View Article

Application of Log Periodic Dipole Antenna (LPDA) in Monitoring Solar Burst at Low Region Frequencies Region
Z.S.Hamidi*, N.M.Anim, N. N.S.Hakimi, N.Hamzan, A.Mokhtar, N.Syukri, S.Rohizat, I.Sukma, Ibrahim, Z.A., Z.Z.Abidin, N.N.M.Shariff, C.Monstein

ABSTRACT
The Sun is considered as one of the strongest radio sources and observation in radio region can provide information on structures throughout the solar atmosphere. In radio wavelengths, we could possible to investigate high quality images within an arc second resolution at different layers of the solar atmosphere. Solar monitoring in this wavelength makes various demands on the used antennas. Therefore, Logarithmic Periodic dipole Antenna (LPDA) was constructed for monitoring Sun in the range of (45-870) MHz to precisely match the environmental requirements. Our work focuses on preparation and performance of the antenna. Observation results of the site will also be highlighted. From the analysis, we found that the signal to noise ratio is 3.9 dB. We also make an effort analyze a y-factor of a data by select a range of frequency from 220 MHz till 250 MHz due to this range consists burst. By constructing and understanding the principle of the log dipole periodic antenna and then connect it to the CALLISTO spectrometer as receiver, some solar activities observations such as solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) can be done. In conclusion, the log-periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) is remains the simplest antenna with reliable bandwidth and gain estimates. View Article

Comparison of Trends in Development of City Structures and Development of Urban Transportation
M. Asmus, J. Kornatowska, M. Luu, G. Pechoc, B. Potakowskyj, H. Ostad-Ahmad-Ghorabi*

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses trends in the development of future cities and the emerging new requirements to urban transportation. Trends in urban transportation will be investigated to conclude whether they are coherent with the visions of future cities or are able to fulfill the requirements. Origin and history of cities will be discussed to better understand the current status of city structures before future visions are presented. Same will be done for urban transportation. View Article

Combined Investigations of Solar Bursts Type III and V
Z.S.Hamidi1, 2,*, Abidin, Z.Z1, Ibrahim, Z.A.1, C.Monstein3, N.N.M.Shariff1

ABSTRACT
This review intended to update the results of combination two burst, type III and V in one solar flare event. Magnetic reconnection of both burst will be explained theoretically. Both bursts are found on 19th September 2011 associated with C-class flares on active region 1295. We concentrate on the mechanism of evolution the bursts which play a role in the event. It is found that type V burst appeared with five second after type III. There are a few sunspot regions on the solar disk but most are magnetically simple and have remained rather quiet. An interpretation of this new result depends critically on the number of sunspot and the role of active region 1295. Sunspot number is increases up to 144 with seven sunspots can be observed. During that event, the speed of solar wind exceeds 433.8 km/second with 2.0 g/cm3 density of proton in solar corona. Currently, radio flux is also high up to 150 sfu. Solar flare type C6 is continuously been observed in x-ray region for 24 hours since 1541 UT and a maximum C1 is detected on 1847 UT. Although the sources of both bursts are same, the direction and ejection explode differently. It is believed that the ejection of particles in type III burst is more compare type V. In summary, the behavior of type III should be critically understood in order to predict the formation of type V burst.View Article

An Evaluation of Mobility Trends until 2030 under the Aspect of Sustainability

D. Haberfellner1*, H. Ostad-Ahmad-Ghorabi2

ABSTRACT

The public is more and more demanding sustainable solutions. In case of mobility, consumers have experienced turbulent years regarding the change in economic stability, showing it in rapidly changing fuel prices, energy costs, or in general, prices for any goods and resources. Mobility and the ability to stay mobile is a driver for today’s economy. People move to go to their work, goods and resources move around the globe to reach their customers. Thinking of restricted mobility capabilities may constitute an unpleasant scenario with serious consequences to common wealth. It is thus not surprising that the call for sustainable mobility, new concepts and technologies that are environmental friendly, economical and respect social values is more evident than ever. This paper discusses some of the current trends for mobility with a focus on their potential sustainable performance.View Article

A Study on Activity Concentration of Natural Radionuclide of Building Materials in Kochi

Dhanya Balakrishnan1, Umadevi A G2, Jose.P.Abraham1, M.Rajagopalan1, P J Jojo3*

ABSTRACT

The study of natural radiation exposure is of importance because it accounts for the largest contribution to the collective dose for the world population from all sources. Extent of exposure to natural radiation depends on the occupation, type of dwelling, location of habitation, and lifestyle of the population. All building materials contain various amounts of natural radionuclides as they are derived from the rocks and soils, which always contain natural radionuclides of Uranium (), and Thorium series, and the radioactive isotope of Potassium (). In the present study, activity concentration of natural radionuclides in the locally used building materials in Kochi area was investigated with an aim of evaluating the radiation hazard arising due to the use of these materials in the construction of dwellings. The activity concentration of , () and () in the samples were analyzed using gamma spectrometry. The measured activity of the selected building materials ranges from 40 to 380 for (), 10 to 30 for and 9 to 110 for . The values obtained in the present study were compared with early reported values. Based on the, and gamma activity obtained, the absorbed gamma dose rate and radium equivalent activity were calculated. The radium equivalent activity for all building materials measured in the present study is found to be less than the limit value of.View Article

Do Solar Activities Cause Local Earthquakes? (New Zealand)

Bijan Nikouravan*

ABSTRACT

The relationships between solar activities (sunspots numbers, solar 10.7 cm radio flux, solar irradiance, and solar proton events) and local earthquakes investigated in this paper. The geographical location of study is New Zealand area. All earthquakes data were chosen for 1) The maximum earthquakes occur frequently around the minimum years of solar activities, 2) The total numbers of earthquakes (for 3) The maximum earthquakes occurs in minimum years of sunspots number with a good correlation coefficient. 4) The maximum earthquakes occur in the minimum solar View Article

Signal Detection Performed by Log Periodic Dipole Antenna (LPDA) In Solar Monitoring

Z.S. Hamidi*, Abidin, Z.Z, Ibrahim, Z.A., C. Monstein and N.N.M. Shariff

ABSTRACT

This article describe signal detection by Log-Periodic Dipole-Antenna (LPDA) which designed for solar monitoring with very high-performance in 45 MHz till 870 MHz.  The LPDA, consisting of 19-elements, achieves a gain higher than 10 dBi with low noise amplifier. It has successfully setup at National Space Centre, Banting on 15th February 2012. Our objective in this work is to detect any signal at National Space Centre, Sg. LANG, Selangor which connected with CALLISTO spectrometer. Detailed analysis also revealed the interference sources that caused interruption of solar signal. Specific range of frequency that considered a minimum Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) also has been done. We found that high level interference is received from FM-band (80 MHz – 108 MHz), from VHF-band and from UHF-band. In the UHF-band, we could recognize (beside a lot of analog-TV) two (2) DVB-T channels between 650 MHz and 700 MHz.  The ‘comb’ of signals proves that the whole system is working correctly with good sensitivity. This feature can be used to check the system as part of periodic maintenance. Beside the established detection techniques, some improvisation of LPDA is also highlighted. The noise floor at all frequencies below 3 dB is in fact not noise, but represents standing waves due to the fact that the LPD antenna is not matched to the 50Ω coaxial cable  due to the small size of boom’s diameter. Total sensitivity can be improved by impedance matching of antenna and coaxial cable.View Article

Comparison slide zones by Nilsen method with active tectonic zones produce of Smf index
R. Sharifi* , M.Pourkermani, A.Solgi

ABSTRACT

Slide zones under title erosion types related to more active tectonic factors for example stream length-gradient (Sl),ratio of valley-floor width to valley height (Vf), drainage basin shape (Bs), mountain front sinuosity (Smf), drainage basin asymmetry (Af) and hypsometric integral (Hi). This research is noticeable comparison produce slide zones by Nilsen. The active tectonic zones produce from Smf index under title one of the important active tectonic factors. Determination landform of geometry or morphometry factors is the one of best method for study and evaluation active tectonic. The first provided Dem maps in GIS software by topography, geology, tectonic maps participant with field activities. Then provided active tectonic map by Smf index into three class A, B, C and landslide hazard zonation map into five class stable zone, generally stable zone, stable moderately stable zone, moderately un-stable zone and talented to liquefaction zone. Comparison and conformity landslide hazard zonation map with hazard zonation into Smf index showed about percent 71(51120 hectare) moderately unstable zone and talented for liquefaction zone settled in A zone Smf map and percent 29(20880 hectare) remained settled sequential percent 18 (12960 hectare) and percent 11 (7920 hectare) in B, C zone of hazard zonation active tectonic produce from Smf index. In other word in research showed relationship landslide zones produce landslide hazard zonation by Nilsen to active tectonic zones by Smf index in the study region.View Article

The Beginning Impulsive of Solar Burst Type IV Radio Emission Detection Associated with M Type Solar Flare

Z.S.Hamidi*, Abidin , Z.Z1, Ibrahim, Z.A.1,C. Monstein, N.N.M.Shariff and M.Sabaghi

ABSTRACT

First light detection of solar burst type IV in Malaysia in the region of 260 MHz till 380 MHz has been successfully detected on 5th March 2012. This significant solar burst variations is associated with solar flare type M level 2.0 occurred from 0412UT. Due to the effect, strong bursts that caused by extraordinary solar flares due to magnetic reconnection effect potentially induced in the near-Earth magneto tail. One possible reason behind the formation of this very complex long duration of this loop is the magnetic reconnection and disruption of the loops which is observed during flare maximum. Sunspot 1429 active region was a site of several intense in several days. In Malaysia, monitoring solar burst in radio region is just in beginning by involved the project under International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI) since 2011. We also analyzed multi wavelength observation from different sites as continuity of the phenomenon. Observations presented in this paper confirmed that Malaysia can be one of the potential countries to focus on solar monitoring solar radio emission at low- broadband frequency (45-870) MHz using ground-based telescope due to 12 hours per day throughout a year. View Article

Quality and Sustainability Criteria in Purchase Decisions of Teenagers

H. Ostad-Ahmad-Ghorabi, D.Collado Ruiz

ABSTRACT
The raising sustainability awareness of consumers has brought the discourse about environmental impacts of products into pulic discourse. Industry has had to respond to this demand for sustainable products. Among the different customers groups, teenagers play a considerable role: Sustainability is particularly important for the younger generations. Children and teenagers of today are going to have to cope with the consequences of negligence of previous and current generations in protecting the environmental and social situation. It is thus important to understand how children and teenagers perceive the problem, and how they will act as consumers in the future. This paper discusses a project where teenagers were surveyed to find out about the importance of sustainability and quality aspects of products.  Electronic entertainment products and clothing products were considered as it is assumed that teenagers mostly spend their pocket money for these two branches of products.View Article

The Behaviour of Inverse Voltage on Thyratron’s Anode Versus Operational Parameters in Gold Vapour Laser

S.Behrouzinia , M.Aghababaeinezhad , K.Khorasani, B.Sajad, D.Salehinia, Z.Dehghani Mahmoodabadi, M.Sabaghi

ABSTRACT

Two gold vapor laser tubes with different lengths of 60 and 75 cm and identical diameter of 16 mm were used to investigate the behavior of inverse voltage on thyratron’s anode in the excitation circuit, versus operationl parameters such as buffer gas pressure and electrical input voltage. It was shown that, the inverse voltage on thyratron’s anode decreases with increasing  of the buffer gas pressure and so electrical input voltage, individually. By optimization of these operational parameters, the lifetime of thyratron will be increased. View Article

Assessment of Medical X-Ray Radiographic Screen-Films in Different Spatial Frequencies According To Detective Quantum Efficiency Computation

Mohammad Hassan Khanmirzaei, Wan Muhamad Saridan Wan Hassan

ABSTRACT
In medical imaging, to make better images there are some measures such as detective quantum efficiency (DQE) and noise equivalent quanta (NEQ) used to evaluate the image quality of each imaging system. Detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is one of the important measures in the assessment of image quality and detector performance. DQE of two types of screen-films namely Lanex Regular/T-Mat G/RA and Lanex Regular/T-Mat L/RA were determined using MTF and NPS data, separately. Moreover, gamma was calculated from characteristic curves for each screen film and photon flounce was estimated using published literature. DQE of the screen-films were computed for three optical densities 0.7, 1.0 and 1.4. The results show Lanex Regular/T-Mat G has better DQE than Lanex Regular/T-Mat L -especially at low frequency with higher contrast for diagnostic radiology purposes View Article

Comparison of lateral rear force between two and four wheel steering in a vehicle with steer by wire system

M.Jafar Ostad Ahmad Ghorabi

ABSTRACT
One kind of steering systems in vehicles is Steering by Wire (SBW). Control and stability of this method are important issues. In fact the SBW system is very suitable for Four Wheel Steering systems. In this paper the SBW used for Four Wheel Steering system to take result. The effect of 4ws on turning is shown. When a 4ws system turns at low speed, the rear Wheels steer in the opposite direction as the front wheels, so that the maneuverability and parking of the system increases. At higher speed the rear wheels steer in the same direction as the front wheels, so that more stability and less lateral rear force are resulted. In this paper, a bicycle model is used for dynamic modeling for testing the stability and controllability. This model is built with the assumption theorem. Steer by wire is used for steering the rear and front wheels. The lateral rear force is estimated with a Hall Effect sensor. View Article

Understanding requirements for a holistic tool for Ecodesign-first steps

H. Ghorabi, V. Sharma Purohit, N. Seier, Y. Dereli, W. Haas

ABSTRACT
Today, technological developments increase very fast and plenty of hi-tech products are seen in the global market. With the influence of consumerism, these products are sold frequently and their life cycles become shorter. Hence, they have already begun to accumulate at the garbage dumps. Many of these products, such as electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) have a significant negative impact on the environment and the human health and cause resource depletion. Ecodesign is used as a set of proactive strategies which aims to reduce the total environmental impact of a product at the design stage and leads to sustainability. There are many methods and tools for ecodesign. Although they are widespread, they can not cover all design phases and there are still shortcomings in the tools for engineering designers as to accomplish ecodesign. To understand the requirements of designers in order to succeed in the ecodesign process, design experts from academia and experts from EEE producing companies have been surveyed. The results of the surveys can help to set up general requirements for the development of a holistic ecodesign tool.View Article

Structural and Optical Properties of SiOx/Au/SiOx Layer Films on the Effect of Rapid Thermal Annealing Process

Najwa Rosli, Keewah Chan, Saadah A. Rahman, Ilyani Putri Jamal, Zarina Aspanut

ABSTRACT

In this work, layered of silicon suboxide/gold/silicon suboxide (SiOx/Au/SiOx) films were prepared by using hot-wire plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (HW-PECVD) system. The films prepared underwent rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process for time periods of 100s, 500s and 700s at temperature of 800oC in vacuum. The effects of RTA on the structural and morphology from FE-SEM, Auger and XRD measurement of the films were studied. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect exhibited by Au particles was obtained from the optical absorption spectra. SPR peaks were exhibited by films which annealed for long time duration. The band gap energy of the annealed samples was found to be in the range of 1.8 to 2.05 eV.View Article

Extraction Pb(II) by (Z)-Furan-2-carbaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone adsorbed on surfactant coated alumina before determination by FAAS

A. Moghimi, R. Ghiasi, S.Behrouzinia

ABSTRACT
A simple, highly sensitive, accurate and selective method for determination of trace amounts of Pb(II) in water samples is presented. The method is based on selective chelation of Pb(II) on surfactant coated alumina, modified with a Schiff’s base (Z)-Furan-2-carbaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone (I). The retained ions were then eluted with 4 ml of 4 M nitric acid and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS) at 283.3 for Pb. The influence of flow rates of sample and eluent solutions, pH, breakthrough volume, effect of foreign ions on chelation and recovery were investigated. 1.5 g of surfactant coated alumina adsorbs 40 mg of the Schiff’s base which in turn can retain 15.0±0.9mg of each of the two ions. The limit of detection (3σ) for Pb(II) was found to be 5.57 ng l -1. The enrichment factor for both ions is 100. The mentioned method was successfully applied on determination of lead in different water samples. The ions were also speciated by means of three columns system.View Article

Silicone-Polyester Blended Coatings for Corrosion Protection

K. Ramesh, S. Ramesh, B. Vengadaesvaran, A.K. Arof

ABSTRACT

Corrosion can be protected by the application of protective coatings developed by organic resins. Metal lose due to corrosion affects a country economic to a higher extent. Organic coating is the cheapest method to prevent corrosion. Silicone and polyester resins have good physical, mechanical and anticorrosive properties. They can be blended and made hybrid networks. Various concentrations of the two resins were mixed. The curing agent used in the study was polyisocyanate. The network of different functional groups between silicone and polyester resins was examined by FTIR spectroscopy. The crosslink formation between the resins was observed by the identification and analysis of NH bond, Si-O-Si, Si-O-C functional groups.The developed coating systems have got adhesion property which was evaluated by cross hatch test. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used to study the anticorrosion property of the systems by exposing the samples to 3% NaCl solution. EIS experimental results show that the coatings could protect the metal surface for the exposure to corrosive medium for more than 30 days. View Article

Spectral variations in supercontinuum pulse propagation

Moosa Shafiu

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we have used the general nonlinear Schrödinger equation (GNLSE) to study the spectral evolution of a short light pulse propagating through an optical fiber. The equation includes the main factors affecting its propagation through the fibre, involving the linear and nonlinear dispersive characteristics. We find the asymmetry feature of the spectrum due to the Raman Effect. The first order group velocity dispersion sets in after a finite propagation length. We have systematically studied the evolution of the pulse through in a nonlinear medium.View Article

A geometric representation for visualizing relativistic length and time measurement

Amir Entezam, Keshav Narain Shrivastava

ABSTRACT
The simplest solution of Einstein's field equations is Schwarzschild solution. This solution is not able to describe for any non-spherical shaped objects.  Some stars and galaxies are in ellipsoidal. Consequently, the gravitational field around these objects should be different in compare with spherical form. This paper is considering a new line element so that we are able to construct not only spherical objects, but also we are able to explain an ellipsoidal object too. This new line element is more accurate and complete than Schwarzschild line element. In this research we see that Schwarzschild line element and its solution is only a part of whole work, which we have done. For more consideration we applied this metric to an arbitrary object in the next step. Moreover, we used this line element for solution of a planetary orbit of an ellipsoid planet by using Einstein’s field equations. These equations used for the exterior solution of an ellipsoidal celestial object.View Article

Fuzzy logic model in landslide hazard zonation based on expert judgment

R. Sharifi, A.Uromeihy, M.Ghorashi

ABSTRACT
In this research landslide, hazard zonation provided based on fuzzy logic method and investigating of this model is efficiency. In the first provided the geology of slope and aspect maps by using aerial photos topography maps and field operations in watershed management of Karaj. Then, these maps classes of priority and coming next determine based on existing landslides area in the geology, slope and aspect of maps in GIS software. In the geology map of Karaj formation (contain shale, tuff, marl, sandstone and conglomerate) and Tizkuh formation (contain limestone) and in the slope map of percent 25≤ S< 45 and 0≤ S <15 classes and in the aspect map south and east classes sequential have most and least landslide area. Then, in final drawer to dimension centimeters 2 in region watershed of map and we counted from 0 until 153 based on geology, slope and aspect. Then (y) units settled sequential, numbers 0 to 27 in very low sensitivity class (one class), numbers 28 to 66 in low sensitivity class (two class), numbers 67 to 89 in middle sensitivity class (three class), numbers 90 to 126 in high sensitivity class (four class) and numbers 127 to 153 in very high sensitivity class (class five). Based on these classes, provided the landslide hazard zonation founded on fuzzy logic method. In the comparison of fuzzy logic map and surface distribution of landslide shows 2.19% (140.53 hectare), 5.08% (325.98 hectare) 18.79% (1205.75 hectare) 43.38% (2783.70 hectare) and 30.56% (1961.04 hectare) sequential settled in one, two, three, four and five classes which are acceptable results to recommend it to prevention of the probable risks and damages is suggested, innovation and spreading of road construction in area is on basic of limitations of the landslide risk breadth plan.View Article

Zn2SiO4 and SnO2 nanowires synthesized by thermal ramping technique

Zainal Abidin Ali ,  R. Puteh

ABSTRACT
In this report, nanowires of Zn2SiO4 and SnO2 have been successfully synthesized using a simple novel method namely thermal ramping technique. The technique applies thermal ramping of the sample to a temperature of 900 oC using carbothermal reduction method. This technique requires no carrier gas. Elemental analysis and crystal structure were evaluated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) , Energy Dispersive  X-ray (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction(XRD) analysis. Nanowires of SnO2 and Zn2SiO4 with diameter ranging from 15-25 nm were observed. The effect of Au thickness in synthesizing Zn2SiO4 is also discussed.View Article

The effect of operational parameters on the output power of copper vapor laser with small-bore tube

S.Behrouzinia, M.Zand, A.Namdar, H.Rahimi, A.Moghimi

ABSTRACT

The effects of buffer gas pressure, electrical input power and pulse repetition frequency on the output power of 510.6- and 578.2nm transitions have been experimentally investigated in a copper vapor laser with small-bore tube (11mm of diameter and 580mm of length). It is observed that the output power characteristics are strongly influenced by these parameters. A maximum output power of laser is obtained at about 4W with 27 kHz of pulse repetition frequency, 30 torr of Ne buffer gas pressure and 1.42kW of electrical input power. The waveforms of the current, tube voltage and laser pulses have also been observed. View Article

Nonlinear free and forced vibration analysis of a single-walled carbon nanotube using shell model

P. Soltani, J. Saberian, R. Bahramian , A. Farshidianfar

ABSTRACT
In this Paper, the nonlinear free and force vibration of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with simply supported ends is investigated based on von Karman’s geometric nonlinearity. The SWCNT described as an individual shell and the Donnell’s equations of cylindrical shells are used to obtain the governing equations. The Galerkin's procedure is used to discretized partial differential equations of the governing into the ordinary differential equations of motion. The method of averaging is applied to analyze the nonlinear vibration of (10, 0), (20, 0) and (30, 0) zigzag SWCNTs in the analytical calculations. The effects of the nonlinear parameters, different aspect ratios, different circumferential wave numbers and longitudinal half-wave numbers are investigated. Both free and forced motions (due to harmonic excitation) are considered. It is shown that (30, 0) zigzag SWCNT has less nonlinear behavior than the other CNTs for a constant aspect ratio. The type of nonlinearity is determined by the aspect ratio. It is seen from the results that for Small values of aspect ratios, the vibration behavior is softening type for the low amplitudes, and it is hardening type for the large amplitudes. And for large value of the aspect ratio, the vibration behavior is hardening type for all amplitudes.View Article

Radio Meteor Detection in Malaysia

Z. Z. Abidin, Z. A. Ibrahim, S. F. F. Malim1, Z. Rosli, M. S. R. Hassan, M. A. A. Aziz, N. Noorazlan, A. S. M. Suhaimi

ABSTRACT
T Meteor is a luminous effect, light is created as the rocky body is frictionally heated to incandescence when entering Earth’s atmosphere. The ionized trails of the meteor are also capable of reflecting radio signals from terrestrial stations, which include those broadcasted by commercial FM and TV stations. For this research, 3 sites are identified as candidates but only the best will ultimately be utilized to do the research. The selection criterion depends on the radio frequency interference (RFI) level and whether they have any free FM frequency from local radio stations. The 3 sites are Jelebu in Negeri Sembilan, Behrang in Perak and Merang in Terengganu. The best site is Behrang and the average floor noise level at this site within the FM frequencies of 88 MHz to 108 MHz is -97.111 dBm. The average number of meteor detections in the span of three days is 48 meteors per day. A number of 50 underdense and 38 overdense meteor trails are detected for the first day. View Article

The effect of reflux process on the size and uniformity of FePt nanoparticles

Majid Farahmandjou

ABSTRACT
FePt nanoparticles attract great research interest for possible application to ultrahigh density magnetic recording media. In this paper, FePt magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by superhydride reduction of FeCl2 and Pt(acac)2 at high temperature. Adding superhydride (LiBEt3H) to the phenyl ether solution of FeCl2 and Pt(acac)2 in the presence of oleic acid, oleylamine, and 1,2-hexadecanediol at 200 °C, followed by refluxing at 250 °C, led to monodisperse 3 nm FePt nanoparticles. The effect of reflux process on the size and uniformity of FePt nanoparticles has been investigated. TEM images showed that the size of FePt nanoparticles increase to 4 nm with reflux process and the standard deviation of FePt nanoparticles increase to 10 % which lead to improve the uniformity of FePt nanoparticles. The results of EDS analysis, showed that the Fe shell around FePt nanoparticles increase with increasing reflux time and the composition of FePt nanoparticles gives Fe68Pt32 after 10 min reflux. View Article

Study on the properties of the hybrid organic coatings for corrosion protection

Ramesh K ,  Ramesh S, Arof A.K

ABSTRACT
Organic coatings play an important role in preventing the metal substrate from adverse effect of corrosion. Coatings are developed by single polymeric resins and or combination of resins with or without pigments Silicone resin (S2) and polyester resin (P2) were used to develop binders with different weight ratios. Polyisocyante was used as the curing agent. Physical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties were studied. The maximum value 5B has been attained by the S240P260 and S250P250 coatings. The binders containing 40% S2 and 70% P2 and 50% S2 and 50% P2 showed high performance compared to the samples containing 20, 30, 70 and 80% of S2 40% P2 resin with S2 resins withstood temperatures up to 448 K for 24 hours and from the potential time measurement it has been found that S240P260 could withstand without any formation of corrosion for longer time View Article

Crystal Growth and Powder X-Ray Diffraction Data of Cadmium Zinc Tellurium (Cd0.29Zn0.71Te)

H. Shirinzadeh, K. Ahmadi

ABSTRACT
X-ray powder diffraction data for a new Cadmium Zinc Tellurium compound synthesized by Bridgman technique is reported. The unit cell dimensions were determined from diffractometer methods using CuKa radiation, and the indexing programs. The cubic phase was the sole crystalline phase which detected by X-ray diffraction analysis in the Cd0.29Zn0.71Te sample with lattice constants of a= 6.26218(34) Å, The results are in agreement with those obtained from cadmium Zinc tellurium (Cd0.4Zn0.6Te) PDF carte number  (50-1438).View Article

Dynamic tensor properties of silicon with deep impurity levels

Odiljon Mamatkarimov, Ulugbek Tuychiev, Ikromjon Tursunov, Rustamjon Khamidov

ABSTRACT
The dynamical tensoproperties of simples Si <Ni>, Si <Gd>, Si <Au> and Si <Mn> at temperatures Т=293К and Т=273К are investigated. The strongly increasing of dynamical tensosensitivity these specified simples at speed of change of pressure DP\Dt >108 Pa/s in comparison with their statistical tensosensitivities is shown.View Article

High purity germanium detector in gamma-ray spectrometry

Mayeen Uddin Khandaker

ABSTRACT
We measured full energy peak efficiency of High-Purity Germanium detector which is important for gamma-ray spectrometry experiments. A brief but very effective description on the basic formation of detector crystal and creation of signal pulse has been presented here. This article is furnished in such a way that the contents find useful and interesting to physics and electronics students, educators, and also researchers who are generally reading outsidetheir specialties to broaden their understanding of physics and to expand and enhance their pedagogical toolkits at the undergraduate and graduate levels.View Article

Behavior of elliptical objects in general theory of relativity

Bijan Nikouravan ,   J. J. Rawal

ABSTRACT

Schwarzschild solution is the simplest solution of Einstein's field equations, but it has not been able to describe any non-spherical in shape as in the real are existing. Many objects like stars and/or galaxies are in the form of ellipsoidal form and consequently, the gravitational lines around the objects are different in comparison with spherical form. In this paper a line element has been constructed with the intention, not only to describe a spherical form but also to explain an ellipsoidal system in more accurate and complete form. In fact, Schwarzschild line element and its solution is only a part of whole work, which I have done. Applying this metric for more consideration an arbitrary object is the next step. The solution for planetary orbit of an ellipsoid planet by using Einstein’s field equations also has done. We attempt to solve these equations as the exterior solution for an ellipsoidal planet.View Article

Are there rings around Pluto?

J. J. Rawal ,  Bijan Nikouravan

ABSTRACT

Considering effects of tidal plus centrifugal stress acting on icy-rocks and the tensile strength thereof, icy-rocks being in the density range (1–2.4) g cm-3 which had come into existence as collisional ejecta (debris) in the vicinity of Pluto at the time when Pluto-Charon system came into being as a result of a giant impact of a Kuiper Belt Object on the primordial Pluto, it is shown, here, that these rocks going around Pluto in its vicinity are under slow disruption generating a stable ring structure consisting of icy-rocks of diameters in the range (20–90) km, together with fine dust and particles disrupted off the rocks, and spread all over the regions in their respective Roche Zones, various Roche radii being in ~1/2 three-body mean motion resonance. Calculations of gravitational spheres of influence of Pluto which turns out to be 4.2 x 106 km for prograde orbits and 8.5 x 106 km for retrograde orbits together with the existence of Kuiper Belt in the vicinity of Pluto assure that there may exist a few rocks (satellites)/dust rings/sheets so far undiscovered moving in prograde orbits around the planet and few others which are distant ones and move around Pluto in the region between 4.2x106 km and 8.5x106 km in retrograde orbits. View Article

Heterogeneity of uranium in water from south peninsular India

Reeba Maria Jose, Sunil A,Ben Byju S, Christa E Pereira, Vaidyan V K and Jojo P J,

ABSTRACT

The South Peninsular India is known to have very high levels of natural background radiation due to the monazite rich beach sand. Primordial uranium is ubiquitous and the heaviest radio toxic trace element available in all terrestrial substances at varying levels depending on the geology of the region. Uranium series supports several short-lived radioisotopes during its decay including radium. Uranium in drinking water is important in terms of the ingestion dose also. This report depicts the results of uranium analysis of 600 water samples collected from the south coast peninsular region extending parts of Kerala and Tamilnadu states of India through fission track registration technique. Results of the analyses of water samples collected from different sources in the south coast of India show that uranium concentrations vary from 0.82 µg/l   to 7.32 µg/l equivalents to the specific activity of 10.33 Bq/m3 and 92.23Bq/m3, respectively. Estimated daily intake of uranium through drinking water ranges from 20.22 to 18.58mBq/kg and is lower than the recommended limits of intake. The heterogeneity in distribution of uranium in water bodies is due to the presence of monazite sand deposited in the coast over the years. View Article

Network calculations for cosmochronometric studies

I. Petermann

ABSTRACT
The determinations of the age of the oldest objects in the universe, giving a lower limit of the age of the universe itself, are of great interest in astrophysics and cosmology. With the detection of the long-lived isotopes of thorium and uranium in a single star, their application as cosmochronometers has become possible. With network calculations, the production of Th and U can be studied for different input of the underlying mass model and the astrophysical environment. A comparison with the abundance pattern of very metal-poor stars can serve as a reference to check the validity of the assumptions and to better understand their influences on the final outcomes of the calculations. Once the initial amount of thorium and uranium are known, age estimations of stellar objects can be accomplished. Network calculations were performed that allow flexibly changing and studying the astrophysical environment in a parametric way, as well as the underlying nuclear physics input in terms of the final abundance pattern. The network used here includes more than 7000 nuclei, reaching far outside in the neutron rich area. The most relevant fission processes were implicitly taken into account. For all three massmodels a good agreement between the final abundance pattern and the abundance distribution for six metal poor stars is demonstrated. Network calculations are thus an appropriate tool to study and analyze the production of the cosmochronometers Th and U, which can be used for age-determinations for stars. A more detailed study of their production paths is necessary to reduce uncertainties with respect to the underlying massmodel and astrophysical environment.View Article

Comparison of the output power of copper halide lasers versus buffer gas pressure and frequency

Z.Dehghani, K.Khorasani, B.Sajad, D.Salehinia, S.Behrouzinia,

ABSTRACT

In this work, an iodide copper vapor laser (CuI) has been designed and fabricated. The effect of different operational parameters such as frequency and buffer gas pressure on output power laser have been investigated to determine the optimal condition of frequency and neon gas pressure. Based on experimental results, the maximum output power of about 0.5W is obtained at 16 kHz of frequency and 30 torr of Ne gas pressure. Moreover the experimental results of CuI laser have been compared to the similar data for the other halide copper lasers such as CuBr and CuCl. The output power of CuI laser is less than that of others. The optimum frequency of lasers have different values, but the optimum gas pressures are the nearly same for three lasers, at the same conditions.View Article

Performance analysis of different modulation schemes using OFDM techniques in Rayleigh fading channel

Mohammed Safiqul Islam, Gouri Rani Barai ,  Atiq Mahmood

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with the communication system that uses M-ary Phase-Shift-Keying (M-PSK) and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) to transmit information using OFDM technique over Rayleigh communication channel. In terms of Symbol Error Rate (SER), the performance of different modulation schemes using OFDM techniques in Rayleigh channel is analyzed. For different types of modulation schemes (QPSK, 16-QAM, 16-PSK, 64-QAM, 64-PSK) gray coded bit mapping has been used with OFDM techniques. So, better performance is shown in different modulation scheme by using gray coded bit mapping. Here in this paper, it is our goal to show the way through which the SNR result varies between M-PSK and M-QAM. View Article