International Journal of Fundamental Physical Sciences

The Ultimate External Reality

Naiyf Alsaud

Since ancient time our perception of the ultimate external reality evolves as our investigation produces more knowledge by expanding the related disciplines. This phenomenon is illustrated by our vision of space and time, while they were treated separately in antiquity and subsequent ages, they are unified into a continuum in modern time. Further more, the theoretical possibility of parallel universes with more than one time dimension are considered in the present age. In this paper, a theory is developed to precisely treat reality along with its associated concepts that arise from the modern scientific investigations. This treatment contributes to a quotient set of realities with five equivalence classes and a qualitative measurement of our current ultimate external reality with its possible evolution based on the related scientific theories and their consequences.

The Ultimate External Reality

Naiyf Alsaud

Neoclassical Gravitational Field Theory

Sudeer Punnery — 2024-09-15

This Neoclassical Gravitational Field Theory offers a potential alternative perspective on the nature of gravity by expanding upon Newton’s classical law of gravitation. It seeks to address fundamental questions, such as why gravity functions as it does and why nothing in the universe can escape its influence. This paper explores some of the long-standing mysteries of gravity, including why masses are multiplied in Newton's gravitational formula and why objects accelerate at the same rate in a local gravitational field, regardless of their structure or composition. By presenting a classical framework, this research aims to provoke discussion and encourage further exploration of alternative explanations for gravity, potentially leading to a deeper understanding of both gravity and the universe itself.

The Making of the Universe

Dieu T Le — 2024-09-15

While Monsignor Georges Lemaître has been a giant in the scientific community, his theory of the origin of the universe, known as the Big Bang Theory, has come under scrutiny since the development of knowledge surrounding Dark Matter. This paper argues that Monsignor Georges Lemaître theory of the Big Bang is wrong and unravels when considering the moving force of the expansion of the universe. The research conducted for this paper demonstrates that the existence of the universe should be thought of as originating through a primordial bud, rather than a primordial atom. This paper also argues that the universe continues to grow in a pomological way with Dark Matter acting as its "sap.” This explanation puts forward a scientific way of solving Lemaître’s problem of the “outside force” as well as the need to place all growth forces within the primordial atom itself.

The Making of the Universe

Dieu T Le

A Diamond Universe

Bernard GUY — 2024-06-08

Cosmology is currently facing some major challenges. In addition to dark matter and dark energy, the issue of ‘impossible’ galaxies has been brought to the fore by the James Webb Telescope. Something simple eludes us, and the various problems mentioned are interrelated. Our proposition is that, on the cosmological scale, it is appropriate to take a value of the speed of light c_c lower than its standard value c₀ in vacuum. This defines an optical index c_c =c₀./c_c We account for this ‘refringence’ by a Shapiro effect extended to the scale of the universe (use of Schwarzschild metric), described by its average density ρ_u and its equivalent gravitational radius R_u. Remarkably, universes with indices greater than two are entirely conceivable, and their characteristics are close to those we determine for our own. The velocities of celestial objects are estimated from redshifts in ratios of the type v/c, where the speed of light is usually taken to be equal to . With an equal ratio v/c (all things considered, only the v/c ratio has any meaning), dividing c₀ by a certain factor lowers the velocities v without postulating the existence of dark matter nor dark energy. Taking into account the problems cited earlier suggests a value of α close to 2.4. We are led to a lengthening of the age of the universe: it could reach 33 billion years. This would allow it to host in its relatively young phases objects that are already old and structured.

The Universe Never Had the So-Called Gravity

Dieu T Le — 2024-06-08

This paper challenges conventional gravity theories by revisiting Galileo's discoveries and presenting a counterintuitive perspective. Recent experiments, such as the hammer and feather drop on the moon and vacuum demonstrations on Earth, prompt a reevaluation of our current scientific understanding of gravity. The paper argues that celestial bodies, including Earth, move towards objects, challenging the traditional concept of gravity. Drawing on the equivalence principle and dark matter effects, it contends that objects become stationary when disconnected from their original reference frame. Addressing criticisms, the paper asserts that Earth's perpetual movement ensures uniform gravitational effects globally. Exploring the expanding universe and dark matter's influence, it concludes that objects released in space do not fall but become stationary, prompting a reassessment of established scientific principles. This paradigm shift invites readers to reconsider their understanding of gravity and the universe. The paper is written as a letter to stimulate thought and discussion.

The Universe Never Had the So-Called Gravity

Dieu Le

This paper challenges conventional gravity theories by revisiting Galileo's discoveries and presenting a counterintuitive perspective. Recent experiments, like the hammer and feather drop on the moon and a vacuum demonstration on Earth, prompt a reevaluation of our current scientific understanding of the world. The paper argues that celestial bodies, including Earth, move towards objects, challenging the traditional concept of gravity. Drawing on the equivalence principle and dark matter effects, it contends that objects become stationary when disconnected from their original reference frame. Addressing criticisms, the paper asserts that the Earth's perpetual movement ensures uniform gravitational effects globally. Exploring the expanding universe and dark matter's influence, it concludes that objects released in space do not fall but become stationary, challenging the traditional interpretation of gravity. This paradigm shift prompts a reassessment of established scientific principles, inviting readers to reconsider their understanding of gravity and the universe. The paper is written in the form of a letter to further stimulate the thoughts of every reader.

A Diamond Universe

Bernard GUY

Cosmology is currently facing some major challenges. In addition to dark matter and dark energy, the issue of ‘impossible’ galaxies has been brought to the fore by the James Webb Telescope. Something simple eludes us, and the various problems mentioned are interrelated. Our proposition is that, on the cosmological scale, it is appropriate to take a value of the speed of light c_c lower than its standard value c₀ in vacuum. This defines an optical index n_c = c₀ /c_c. We account for this ‘refringence’ by a Shapiro effect extended to the scale of the universe (use of Schwarzschild metric), described by its average density ρ_u and its equivalent gravitational radius R_u. Remarkably, universes with indices greater than two are entirely conceivable, and their characteristics are close to those we determine for our own. The velocities v of celestial objects are estimated from redshifts in ratios of the type v/c, where the speed c of light is usually taken to be equal to c₀. With an equal v/c ratio (all things considered, only the v/c ratio has any meaning), dividing c₀ by a certain factor α lowers the velocities v without postulating the existence of dark matter nor dark energy. Taking into account the problems cited earlier suggests a value of α close to 2.4. We are led to a lengthening of the age of the universe: it could reach 33 billion years. This would allow it to host in its relatively young phases objects that are already old and structured.

Neoclassical Theory of Atoms

Sudeer Punnery — 2024-04-19

The "Neoclassical Theory of Atoms" challenges the dominance of quantum mechanics in explaining certain atomic phenomena. This work argues that a classical approach, utilizing electromagnetic Coulomb forces and Newtonian mechanics, can potentially account for discrete energy levels and spectral lines observed in hydrogen and helium atoms. It questions the necessity of invoking the seemingly counterintuitive aspects of quantum mechanics for these specific phenomena. By demonstrating the potential of a classical framework, this research aims to stimulate debate and exploration of alternative explanations within physics. This could potentially lead to a deeper understanding of the nature of reality and the limitations (or potential for expansion) of current physical theories.

New Classical Relativistic Theory of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field

Grigori.G. Karapetyan — 2024-03-20

A new relativistic theory of the classical motion of a charged particle in an electric field has been developed. The resulting equations characterize the kinematic and dynamic features of particle motion, demonstrating peculiar behavior in areas with high attractive potentials. This changes the existing paradigm for the interaction of charge with an electric field, entailing profound consequences. The new theory converges with the conventional theory of electricity under conditions of low potentials and nonrelativistic particle velocities. The possibility of experimental verification of the new theory is discussed.

Generation of Waves in the Gravitational Field of the Universe

Sankar Palchoudhury — 2023-12-26

The gravitational field naturally perturbs due to the wave (light, x-ray, infrared, etc.). The gravitational field encompasses everything. Wave formation, like to that of the natural world. In the natural world, when wood and plants burn, a chemical reaction produces CO₂, CO, and other gases. During this chemical process, tiny particles (atoms, molecules, etc.) vibrate, and their vibrations get intense enough to cause the gravitational field to be disrupted. This kind of vibration creates waves in the surrounding gravitational field and propagates them forward with a specific initial power, wavelength, and amplitude.

The Generation of Waves in the Gravitational Field of the Universe

Sankar Palchoudhury

Simulation-Driven Strategies for Improving Natural Ventilation in Educational Spaces: A Case Study of An Educational Building in Sari

Sina Tabibi — 2024-03-17

Any architectural space, especially the architecture of an educational complex, should provide comfort for human beings in the face of geographical and climatic characteristics. Climatic factors have always profoundly affected the formation of the physical environment of buildings. Energy demand has always been one of society’s most critical issues. Saving resources is one of the architectural design goals to achieve a suitable environment-friendly architecture. This architectural approach, which comes from the concepts of sustainable development, is one of the basic human needs in the current world due to its compatibility with the environment. The goal is to build constructions that can improve the climate, prevent the waste of energy consumption, and avoid the adverse effects of construction on the environment. In traditional Iranian architecture, there are numerous passive methods; natural ventilation is an essential part of Iranian conventional building design, which is being ignored today. Since humid and moderate climates have high relative humidity on most days of the year, one important goal is to move the stagnant moisture inside to establish a suitable thermal environment for occupants. The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical, which has been experimented with according to library studies in addition to climate and meteorological data. Then, analysis of the data is provided by an energy simulator. It is concluded that the best orientation of the educational building is south, which can provide proper natural ventilation and solar heat gain. In other words, optimal interior air quality is achieved in this orientation.

Universal Matter Synthesis and Management via Constructive Resonance: Pioneering Advancements in Physical Sciences and Applied Systems

Sanjay Bhushan — 2023-10-10

Constructive resonance, a fundamental phenomenon observed across various scales, plays a pivotal role in both quantum and astrophysical realms. This study delves into the dynamic intricacies of constructive resonance, exploring its implications for matter creation and the origin of force-fields like gravity. It posits that constructive wave couplings between fundamental particles induce a resonant attractive force akin to gravity at the subatomic level, conserving energy within the system. We conceptualize space-time as an interconnected fabric encoding linear and non-linear patterns within an Information Field, revealing interactions between fundamental particles as 'Constructive Resonance Waves,' giving rise to the material universe. Cosmic Information (CI) is introduced as a fundamental basis vector, tied to the dimensions of space and time, culminating in a 5-D universe. This paper introduces a novel theoretical framework encompassing Constructive Resonance and the parametrically represented by to offer a dynamic perspective on fundamental forces. By integrating these concepts into existing theories, we unveil a fresh understanding of gravity, electromagnetism, and other forces. The RIIFF© framework, expressed as , elucidates how forces vary over time and space due to resonant interactions, providing a foundation for future research into the dynamic nature of the cosmos.

On the Physical Properties of G-Type Main ‎Sequence Stars

Bijan Nikouravan — 2023-06-30

This research focuses on the classification and properties of G-Type main sequence stars. It discusses the historical ‎development of star classification systems and their importance in understanding stellar evolution, composition, ‎and galactic structures. The paper also examines the mass-radius and mass-luminosity relationships of stars, ‎highlighting the strong positive correlations between mass and radius, as well as mass and luminosity. The findings ‎suggest that more massive stars tend to be larger and more luminous. However, further analysis is needed to explore ‎the underlying relationships between these variables.‎‎

Reality of Schrödinger’s Cat

Takahisa Okino — 2023-03-27

The evidence that the probability interpretation is indispensable for the wave function has not been reasonably revealed since the early stages of quantum theory like the topic of Schrödinger’s cat has been discussed from various viewpoints. Recently the Schrödinger equation has reasonably derived from the diffusion equation in accordance with the causality for the Newton mechanics, regardless of the de Broglie’s hypothesis. In the derivation process, the problem of probability interpretation has been reasonably solved in relation to a wave function collapse, and moreover not only the evidence for a micro particle having a wave nature but also the evidence for validity of the de Broglie’s hypothesis itself has been theoretically revealed. Further, the other fundamental problems having been unsolved for a long time are also reasonably solved. For example, it is theoretically revealed that such a single composite particle as a cluster molecule has a wave nature when it is composed of atoms smaller than about 770 numbers.

The Reality of Schrödinger ’s Cat

Takahisa Okino

The evidence that the probability interpretation is indispensable for the wave function has not been reasonably revealed since the early stages of quantum theory like the topic of ’s cat has been discussed from various viewpoints. Recently the equation has reasonably derived from the diffusion equation in accordance with the causality for the Newton mechanics, regardless of the de Broglie’s hypothesis. In the derivation process, the problem of probability interpretation has been reasonably solved in relation to a wave function collapse, and moreover not only the evidence for a micro particle having a wave nature but also the evidence for validity of the de Broglie’s hypothesis itself has been theoretically revealed. Further, the other fundamental problems having been unsolved for a long time are also reasonably solved. For example, it is theoretically revealed that such a single composite particle as a cluster molecule has a wave nature when it is composed of atoms smaller than about 770 numbers.

Conversion of Waves Under Different Gravitational Field Intensity Area

Sankar Palchoudhury ‎ — 2023-03-15

Natural disturbances in the gravitational field cause light, infrared, x-ray, and other waves. We define a complete wave as having two parts: a crest and a trough. A complete wave represents a single frequency. Every wave is initially powered at the source along with its wavelength and amplitude, which all vary with the gravitational field intensity in subsequent steps. A/λ has a significant impact on the wave's power. A gravitational wave is a converted wave, because of its changing power due to the changing intensity of the gravitational field.

Irrefutable Proof of The Non-Existence of a ‎Gravitational ‎Singularity at The Centre of a ‎Black Hole

Amrit Šorli — 2023-03-12

Astronomical observations confirm that gravitational force decreases with the square of the distance. If the gravitational force in the centre of Sagittarius A* were close to infinity and would decrease with the square of the distance, our Milky Way could not exist as we observe it. This fact is irrefutable proof that there is no gravitational singularity in the centre of Sagittarius A* and in general, there is no gravitational singularity in the centre of a black hole.